Three potential mechanisms may account for SARS-CoV-2 faecal-oral transmission: (1) untreated contaminated drinking water, (2) raw and poorly cooked marine and aquatic foods from contaminated sources, (3) raw wastewater-based vegetatble production systems (e.g., salads) and aquaculture, and (4) vector-mediated transmission from faecal sources to foods, particularly those from open markets and street vending. Taken together, these findings point to potential faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which may partly explain its rapid transmission. Shell disorder analysis shows that SARS-CoV-2 has a rigid outer shell conferring resilience, and a low shell disorder conferring moderate potential for faecal-oral transmission. Recent wastewater-based epidemiological studies from several countries also detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw wastewaters. SARS-CoV-2 can survive and remain viable for up to 6 to 9 days on surfaces. Evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 proliferate in the human gastrointestinal system, and is shed via faeces. The current perspective examines the latest evidence on the occurrence, persistence and faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent causing COVID-19. ![]() In developing countries, the need for clean water provision, sanitation and hygiene has only received limited attention. ![]() ![]() Social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment dominate the current fight against COVID-19. The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is now a global pandemic.
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